After training at HEC, Science Po Paris and ENA, he began his career as a senior civil servant: first at the Inspectorate General of Finance and the Treasury, then as adviser to the Minister of Finance and then to the Prime Minister (1985-1992). He subsequently worked at international level, as Trade Commissioner at the European Commission and Director-General of the WTO. He is Vice-Chairman of the Paris Peace Forum, Chairman of the Bizerte World Maritime Forum and co-founder of the Europe-Africa Foundation.
